By Newton's
laws and by Nature common sense any active force can be created only
in pair with reactive force. This rule describe the balanced interaction
between two bodies. But there is a very interesting case: one body and
some substance around this body, air or the ether.
In empty
space (vacuum) the body can be considered as localized in space energy
that is not localized in time and the substance energy (ether) can be considered
as non-localized (dispersed) in space but it is localized in time.
This symmetry for spatial or chronal localization is described by
Heizenberg's equations. In this case the conservation law of energy
for the "one-body closed system" can be represented as balance of mass-form
energy process (the body) and corresponding to this mass the space-time
energy process (the ether). It is local space-time of the body. By this
concept, there is no any physical sense in notion of space-time if it is
not connected with some certain material object. Any mass object is some
process and there is its local space-time process.
According to
the Newton's 1670th notion for the ether, there is no any ether in open
space (space quite far from any mass) but the ether exist only inside
and near the bodies [1]. By this concept for the ether it will possible
to develop the ether-dynamics and it will be demonstrated in this paper.
The key to understanding of the nature of the gravitation, by Academician
Vavilov, who is the author of the book about Sir Isaac Newton [1, p.84],
is the gradient of the density of the ether in a matter and empty space.
Just conservation
law is the reason for supposition about chronal effect. The effect should
be
demonstrated when the system use
a transformation of different forms of energy (mass-form and time-form)
to produce the non-reactive propulsion force or free power generation.
One of such sort system is so called inertioid. Let us take this
example to disclose the nature of inertia.
By proposed above
formulation, known Newton's law describes the balance of different energy
forms that is demonstrated itself as reaction for any action. It is known
that in empty space (in vacuum) any accelerating or decelerating
body have some reactive interaction with space: it is inertia effect. So,
space itself can be represented as some substance. Also there is the equality
of the weight mass and inertial mass that confirm this supposition.
In the paper
"Optic" [1, p.86] Sir Isaac Newton stated that there is no the ether in
"open space". If we are considering the mass-particle as "condensed
ether", around the mass the ether is more rarefied, since it was used
to create the particles, but outside the body the density of the ether
is increasing with distance from the body. In this case, the "open
space" must be considered as a very dense ether, but by Newton there
is no ether in the "open space". How we can connect all this together?
Perhaps, solution
is the understanding of the structure of the space, i.e. the ether can
be
considered as some kind change
of the structure of the vacuum. Some local change of vacuum
structure that produce the mass-particle must be compensated by corresponding
opposite change of vacuum structure around the mass-particle. The
gradient of the density of the ether is the reason for ether flows, by
Newton, and it can be considered in other words as gradient of potential
and some potential field. In this case, the notion of the "density of
the ether" can be changed to the notion of the gradient of the potential:
"gradient ".
Taking that "ether"
and " gradient " is the same notion, we avoid showed above question,
since
the gradient is increasing if
the distance is increasing also, but for any two point of the open
space (quite far from any mass) there is no any gradient of potential.
So, the ether can not be considered as some material substance separately
from space that is produced by some mass. Note that any matter also can
not be considered separately from space. Matter is only special structure
of space or space is only different forms of the matter and it is connected
with some energy value per unit of space volume. Important part of
the gravitation concept that is proposed above, is follows from the
M. Faraday's opinion about matter nature. In his letter of
June 25, 1844 to Richard Tailor, M. Faraday wrote: So, matter anywhere
is continuous... it is not necessary to suppose the difference between
atoms of the matter and some intermediate space. The forces around centers
provide to these centers the properties of the matter...
M.Faraday
considered this aspect to make conclusion for nature of electric conductivity
and
insulation. But his point of view
can be developed for gravity aspect also. Atom and space around of
atom is the same matter in different states. Atom or element of the atom
is local change of space structure only.
Pre-conditions above are basis for conclusion: Any body displace ether mass that equal to the body mass, it is well known Arhimed's law for ether ( in generalized form). Since motion of any body have place inside of real substance, this substance (space-time itself) can be used for "reactionless" or etherdynamics (like aerodynamical) method of motion. Forces are acting to the body in this case are external and law of conservation (for energy, momentum, impulse) is true if body and substance around body (air, liquid, ether) is considered as closed system.
Since ether-dynamical
motion use mass of ether (that was demonstrated as inertial mass) to
create the ether gradient, in this
case inertia effect is not producing for accelerating or decelerating
object, so: the ether-dynamical
reactionless motion is inertia-less motion.
Important aspect of the gravitation concept described in this paper is notion of paired processes of nature: gravitation - radiation. Joseph Hasslberger described this point of view in details ( "A New Beginning for Thermodynamics", of May 8, 1993). Two paired processes are created in Nature in strength of the energy balance, conservation law. So, if the radiation is emission of the photons (electromagnetic waves of any wave-length) from mass object, the gravitation is absorption of the photons by mass objects. Any material object is radiating body (heat flow) and it is "gravitating" body (cold flow).
In other words, phenomenon of material mass as source of gravitation field can be presented as absorption and transformation of electromagnetic waves. The source of these waves are known as zero-point fluctuations. Concept on the zero-point electromagnetic energy fluctuations those exist in empty space is published by A. Sakharov, H. Puthoff, A. Rueda, B. Haisch [2],[3],[4],[5].
On the base of
the above let's make some proposals for experiments and consider
the results
of some real experiments.
Well-known
case of the motion inside of the substance is propulsion force described
as
Magnus effect ( Henrick G.
Magnus), discovered in 1852, Figure 1.
So, nature of Lentz force and
Magnus aerodynamical effect the same: self-propulsion non-
reactive force is result of the
gradient of energy in space round the body. Since the energy by definition
is description of the different types of the motion, the gradient above
(for electromagnetic version also) is result of relative velocity only.
Since it lead to gravitation type propulsion, the conclusion can
be formulated: phenomenon of gravitation and time can be described as
phenomenon of relative motion.
Note that
this force can be created in closed system also. Figure 2 show that
structure of space ( or structure of liquid, gas, ether and so on) is changed
only in area near of the wing and it create the pressure gradient. So,
in big volume of space for any closed system this situation can be created
also. It is clear from the thought experiment, for example, there is an
airplane in some big box. If the airplane is in the rest state, total weight
of the box will include the weight of the airplane. But if the airplane
is in flight (along some circumference trajectory inside of the box, for
example), weight of the box don't include the weight of airplane.
When the airplane made the stop, the weight of the box must be increased.
So, if the box is "black box" and we can not to observe the situation inside
of it, the changes of the box weight lead to conservation law violation
from the point of view that use the local frame of reference (box). But
in the global frame of references the flying airplane is in interaction
with the ether but not only with air. The air is material particles are
made from the ether and they are connected with the ether like any atom
is connected with its surrounding space-time. The interaction between the
airplane and the ether is real antigravity technology. To change connection
"airoplan-air-ether" into "spacecraft-ether" it is necessary to create
the gradient of the ether pressure instead of the air pressure gradient.
Space has
own energy balance (mass-form and time-form) in certain volume of space
but we
can change it by means of electric
energy, for example. Simple example is dielectric body motion in
potential electric field of some charged mass, Fig.4. This experiment can
be demonstrated by any charged thing ( pen or comb ) that attract a small
paper pieces. The potential field E created by charged mass is result of
potential gradient because potential is decreasing if distance from charged
body is increasing; intensity E = - grad phi.
Note: It is not
special gradient field between two charged bodies; this gradient is
provided by property of space only.
Own field of charged mass is symmetrical relative of its center. In strength of this reason all forces to mass M are balanced and there is no propulsion force. But when own field of charged mass is asymmetrical relatively mass itself (in strength of the special surface), the body can create some gradiental field and non-compensated force for itself.
Other method to create reactionless propulsion force by means of the field asymmetry is known as Biffeld-Brown effect. By T.T.Brown's patent number 300,311 of 15 Nov.1928, priority of 15 Aug.1927, the nature of the force "X" is not disclosed by author. This force is created in dielectric of capacitor and it is directed to positive charged plate. Some explanation for this force is proposed here.
Let's consider the method for non-reactive propulsion that use centrifugal force acceleration. In the case of the circumference trajectory, force F=ma is symmetrical (the value of force is constant in any point of the trajectory since the acceleration is constant). If the trajectory is asymmetrical and acceleration is not the same in different points of the trajectory, the value of the force is different in different points of the trajectory. So, by closed trajectory the summary force may be non-zero, i.e. some unidirectional propulsion force can be created.
Figure 5
is simple inertial drive scheme: liquid is moving by pump inside of curved
pipe and
centrifugal force F=ma is asymmetrical,
so unidirectional force is produced.
So, nature
of force "X" that was discovered in Biffeld-Brown effect is disclosed in
this paper
as curved line motion acceleration
that is a result of the asymmetrical centrifugal force that is created
in atoms of dielectric. Electric field of the capacitor transform normal
trajectory of electrons in asymmetrical one. From this point
of view, the Brown's force "X" is inertial phenomenon of non-linear mechanics
and all pre-conditions are discussed in introduction of this paper are
true for Brown's electrogravitation systems.
Other Brown's
patent number 3167206, USA, 1 June 1965 is example of asymmetry principle
that allow to use the Coulomb's electrostatics forces to create the reactionless
propulsion force. It is one of many ways to use the gradient of the field
structure, that can be created both by means of gradient of the dielectrical
properties and by means of the topology. Figure 7 is modified scheme of
asymmetrical capacitor that can be created for non-reactive drive of space-craft.
Lines of intensity for electric potential field are perpendicular to surface
and in strength of this reason the action-reaction forces of Coulomb electrostatic
interaction are different.
The form of dielectric surface
is the reason for forces asymmetry: vector sum of all forces is not
equal to zero in this case.
Other method for reactionless
motion is thermogravitation - application of thermal processes
inside of some closed system to
create the motion of this system. Popular Science magazine vol. 126, 1935
describe some experiment, Figure 8. Two bodies can be moving in result
of repulsion from each other. One body produce impact and other one produce
impulse when bodies are reaching the ends of the rod. In result of this
difference all device is moving in one side ( where interaction is "impulse").
Sure, this experiment is only non-periodical demonstration of the possibility
to create
asymmetry of the energy transformation.
To produce the second act of the repulsion between two masses, it is necessary
to return masses to the central point of the device. It require some power
(force action) and the question of symmetry for net work in left and in
right parts of the device is open for discussion.
But experiment is fine example that allow to develop the idea: Non-reactive motion of closed system can be created as result of asymmetrical energy transformation. The author's version of the experiment was explained by next way: In this two-bodies collision there is asymmetry of interaction. In one side there is elastic interaction (I used simple rubber piece here) and kinetic energy of moving body is transmitted to the body of device. In second case interaction is not elastic type interaction but deformation mainly. Best version for it is absolute solid body in this part of the device. So, in one side kinetic energy is transmitted but in other case kinetic energy is transformed ( in heat ). Then, heat can be considered as chaotic motion result. So, in the second case kinetic energy is transformed in kinetic chaotic energy. So, the difference is form of motion only: ordered or non-ordered type of motion. If entropy notion is used for this case there is conclusion: gradient of entropy that is asymmetry of energy transformations is the reason for reactionless motion.
This conclusion allow to make
the proposal for some scheme, Fig.9. I am grateful to Academician
V. I. Zubov, St.-Petersburg, for useful discussion on this topic.
The device that use heater
that create the reactive flow and cooler to transform the heat energy of
this flow in other form of energy to return it in the heater. System can
use reactive flow of mass in closed asymmetrical cycle to create the propulsion
force. This flow is moving back from heater with some kinetic energy and
at the moment the body of the device is getting some corresponding reactive
impulse. But if velocity of steam flow is decreasing by means of heat absorption,
the working mass (water, for example) is returned in collector of mass
almost without opposite impulse since velocity of back-flow is small and
kinetic energy is small also. The difference in right and left parts of
the system is the different approach to the energy transformation: the
right side of the system is using macro-interaction that is directed and
ordered, total impulse is not zero vector, and the left part of the system
is using micro-interactions at the molecular level and the total impulse
vector can be made as zero or almost zero. The difference in total right
and total left impulses produce the propulsion of the system and the temperature
gradient inside of the system. It is possible to say the system is moving
by means of the inner temperature gradient.
Note, that many ancient Indian
papers described flying device that use mercury in closed cycle
to produce the propulsion force.
Taking into
consideration that the entropy function is close connected with direction
of time flow, the asymmetry of this function in different parts of moving
system is base for supposition: Any "reactionless" drive produce propulsion
force in space that is paired with time directed force.
The Newton's
Law can be generalized: Forces can be created in pair only, and any active
force have spatial or chronal equal and opposite reactive
force.
By this version of known law there is some pre-conditions for new technologies: local control by rate of time. The Law of conservation for quantity of the motion is true for inertia-less reaction-less systems. We can consider new type of the motion: motion in time that is subordinated to this law also. For this mathematics it is necessary to use time directed four-dimensional vectors of impulse, force, electric field intensity and so on.
